Swordy Io

The Lament of Swordy Well. Nor pick it up when thrown io Nor limping leg I hold in sight But pray to keep my own Where profit gets his clutches in Theres little. The Empire Strikes Back, Darth vs. Luke Even though this looks a little dated now, it's still the light saber duel that picks the biggest emotional punch in the Star Wars series.

Abstract

We present a review and analysis of the experimental data on cosmic rays with energies above 10¹⁴-10¹⁵ eV and up to 10²⁰ eV. At the beginning a brief survey of the direct experimental data on the cosmic-ray energy spectrum and mass composition is given. We then consider the choice of the hadron interaction model at energies above 10¹⁵ eV that is essential for the interpretation of the experimental data on extensive air showers (EAS). Much attention is given to the well known knee in the primary energy spectrum at approximately 3*10¹⁵ eV and also to an analysis of this phenomenon in the framework of the recently developed Hall diffusion model. In doing so we use as yet scarce data on cosmic-ray anisotropy and mass composition at superhigh energies 10¹⁴-10¹⁷ eV. A considerable part of our review is concerned with cosmic rays of ultrahigh energies 10¹⁷-10²⁰ eV. Using the galactic origin model for cosmic rays with energies 10¹⁴-10²⁰ eV the possibility of explaining all the relevant data at energies above 3*10¹⁸-10¹⁹ eV is discussed: evidence of the 'ankle' in the primary energy spectrum, the upper bound of cosmic-ray anisotropy, and evidence for the increasing proton abundance. The prospects for future cosmic-ray investigations at superhigh energies are outlined and the great importance of development in the neutron and proton astronomy for energies above 10¹⁸-10¹⁹ eV is pointed out.

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